Difference between Java and Kotlin

Java and Kotlin are both programming languages used for application development, but they have some differences in terms of syntax, features, and programming paradigms. Here are some key differences between Java and Kotlin:

1. Syntax: Kotlin has a more concise and expressive syntax compared to Java. Kotlin reduces boilerplate code by introducing features like type inference, lambda expressions, and extension functions. This makes Kotlin code more readable and less verbose.

2. Null safety: Kotlin has built-in null safety features, which help prevent null pointer exceptions. It differentiates between nullable and non-nullable types at the language level, forcing developers to handle null values explicitly. In Java, null values can be assigned to any reference type, leading to potential null pointer exceptions.

3. Interoperability: Kotlin is fully interoperable with Java, which means that Kotlin code can call Java code and vice versa without any issues. This allows for gradual migration from Java to Kotlin, as existing Java code can be used within Kotlin projects.

4.  Functional programming: Kotlin provides better support for functional programming compared to Java. It includes features like lambda expressions, higher-order functions, and extension functions, which facilitate functional programming paradigms. While Java introduced functional programming concepts in newer versions, Kotlin has native support from its inception.

5.  Coroutines: Kotlin has built-in support for coroutines, which are used for asynchronous programming. Coroutines simplify writing asynchronous code and make it more readable. In Java, asynchronous programming is typically done using libraries like CompletableFuture or by explicitly working with threads and callbacks.

6. Default arguments and named parameters: Kotlin supports default argument values for function parameters, allowing developers to define functions with optional parameters. It also supports named parameters, which enable passing arguments in any order by specifying parameter names. Java does not have built-in support for default arguments or named parameters.

7. Extension functions: Kotlin introduces the concept of extension functions, which allows developers to add new functions to existing classes without modifying their source code. This feature enhances code reusability and allows developers to extend the functionality of classes or libraries.